Consonant

r

• The front of tongue pulls back and up. The back doesn't move
• The middle part of the tongue lifts up towards teh roof of the mouth
• The corners comes in, pushing the lips away from the face

When the r comes at the beginning of a word, we tend to make the lips a tight circle When the r comes at the end of a syllable, lips will be a little bit more relaxed

• Flipping the tongue tip up

/θ/ /ð/

• The very tip of the tongue comes through the teeth(don't too much, /ð/ can press behind the teeth, but right in the middle)
• The tongue is relaxed. Air passes through the mouth

p b

The tongue position doesn't matter. So the tongue can start to get into position for the next sound

Stop consonants(闭塞辅音/爆破辅音): The lips press together, and then release.

happen /'hæp ən/

Sometime don't release stop consonants when

• they come at the end of a sentence(e.g. What's up) or
• the next word begins with a consonant(e.g. nap time)

t d

• stop:
  • stop by closing our vocal cords.
  • lift the tongue, sot the flat, top part is at the roof of the mouth
• release: the tongue comes down, the teeth part, release the air in the throat

Sometime don't release when

• they come at the end of a sentence(e.g. mad) or
• the next word begins with a consonant(e.g. not for me)(so don't have to move the tongue up into position for the /t/)

When the /t/ or /d/ come between two vowels or diphthongs, or after /r/ and before a vowel or diphthongs(exception: /t/ or /d/ starts a stressed syllable) ==> flap sound(so t and d are the same sound)

• matter /'mæt ər/ ==> /'mæd ər/
• madder /'mæd ər/
• city /'sɪt i/ ==> /'sɪd i/
• party /pɑrd i/

Sometimes we drop the /t/ and /d/ completely when:

• the /t/ or /d/ comes between two consonant sounds. (e.g. exactly /ɪg'zækt li/ ==> /ɪg'zæk li/)
• the /t/ or /d/ after /n/. (e.g. interview, center)

/ʃ/ /ʒ/

• The teeth come together, the corners of the lips come in and lips flare.
• The tongue lifts sot the front middle part of the tongue is close to the roof of the mouth
• The tongue tip points forward but doesn't touch anything

/tʃ/ dʒ

These consonants have a stop consonant component, but they're always released.

• /tʃ/: combine the /t/ and the /ʃ/, e.g. chart /tʃɑrt/

• /dʒ/: combine the /d/ and the /ʒ/, e.g. jar /dʒɑr/

• stop: The teeth come together and the lips flair

• release: Release the tongue down, release the teeth(part a little), release the lips(relax them)

/f/ /v/

The bottom lip(inside of the lip) lifts and touches the very bottom of the top front teeth

• live /lɪv/
• value /væl ju/
• provide /prə'vaɪd

/g/ /k/

• stop:
  • stop by closing our vocal cords.
  • the back part of the tongue reaches up to touch the soft palate
• release: back to work ("back" does not release, "work" releases)

/s/ /z/

The lips part and corners pull back a little while the teeth themselves lightly touch

Two method:

1. The tip of the tongue down, lightly touching the bottom of the teh top front teeth
2. By pointing the tip of the tongue up.

/h/

This sound is simply made by passing air through a very slightly constricted passage.(between the tongue and the roof of the mouth or in the throat)

Part the lips and press the tongue down in the back just a little

/l/

Light L: comes before the vowel or diphthong in a syllable, e.g. let /lɛt/, flake /fleɪk/, release /rɪ'lis/

Two ways:

1. The tongue tip touches the roof of the mouth, just behind the front teeth
2. The tongue tip touches the bottom of the top front teeth(more firm than /θ/(th) sound, pushing up on the top teeth)

Dark L: comes after the vowel or diphthong in a syllable, e.g. real /ril/, Google /'gu gəl/, thoughtful /'θɔt fəl/, feel /fil/

• Dark sound:
  • The tongue tip touches the back of the bottom front teeth, the back of the tongue pulls back towards the throat(presses down or shifts back) (feel the vibration in the throat)
• Light L(Link into a word that begins with an L or similar position( N, T, D) can't ignore)
  • Bring the tip of tongue to the roof of the mouth or through the teeth

/m/ /n/ /ng/

Nasal consonant, air comes up through the nasal passages. You can feel the vibration in the nose

/m/

Press the lip together lightly, making a sound with the vocal cords.

/n/

The jaw drops a little, and the lips part. The front, flat part of the tongue goes to the roof of the mouth(keeping the tongue wide)

/ng/

The jaw drops a little bit, the lips part and the back part of the tongue stretches all the way up to the soft palate

/w/

• The lips form a tight circle
• The back of the tongue stretches up, towards the soft palate, while the front of the tongue lightly touches the back of the bottom front teeth
• close the vocal cords